Sophies World Philosophical Question

Sophies World Philosophical Question All he knew was that he knew nothing and it troubled him (70). Socrates once proclaimed that he himself had very little knowledge. The statement is ironic and yet it became the foundation for Socrates and, in fact, the philosophers pursuit for wisdom. In truth, Socrates did know something, and that is he knew very little. For him, it was not how a person knows; thats merely knowledge. Instead, wisdom is the realization of how much one still doesnt know; its the realization of the range of ones own ignorance. Socrates interpretation of wisdom is one of the fundamental first steps on the path to philosophical understanding; uncertainty was what made him inquire and contemplate to achieve a fuller understanding of the truth. Human knowledge has rapidly advanced during past centuries and yet there are still questions left unanswered. Over time, a great multitude of people have assumed that they have found meaning and wisdom, but in reality they have simply accepted norms and knowledge handed down to them by society itself. Human wisdom has been dangerously close to stagnation and it would be a tragedy if one would cease to ponder the questions of life due to the perceive notion that the questions of life have been answered. Yes, science has presented the theorems to explain the processes of life and the inanimate, on the other hand theology has illuminated the path with countless parables, and nevertheless they cannot be accepted as the one truth, one must still question beyond the explanations, beyond the parables the true nature of Socratic wisdom lies in the never-ending quest for truth. Socrates himself was troubled that he knew so little (69), and that became the drive to know and understand more not to surrender or blindly submit to other ideas. Socrates questioned many people thought to be wise, and time after time, he discovered the fallacies in their logic, thus exposing their true lack of understanding. Socrates determined that the only reason he was wiser than anyone else was because, unlike all the other wise people he questioned, he didnt lay claim to knowledge he didnt actually possess. He recognized his ignorance while the rest did not; therefore, he assumed the path to wisdom by attaining the process to achieve it not necessarily having all the answers in the world. In retrospect humanity has lost the drive to accept its true lack of knowledge and has failed to rise above the uncertainties and pursue the truth. For centuries science and theology have fulfilled the basic needs of the human curiosity and yet man himself has turned a blind eye to inquire beyond the explanations of theorems, beyond the ancient scrolls of holy books and most importantly beyond ones own curiosity. The sense of satisfaction has been one of mans flaws; mankind has become comfortable in its place in knowledge and has slowed his desire for the truth. Like Socrates shouldnt mankind be troubled for knowing so little and at the same time overlook the pursuit for true wisdom? The beginning of wisdom and true knowledge is to admit ignorance. Humanitys stubborn way of obsessing with knowledge that they thought they fully grasp, has led them into thinking they have mastered every field, when in fact, the most knowledge that someone had acquired was usually only in one thing, not many things, or not any true knowledge about ones place in the world, and of the true meaning of life.

Liberal Equality: America Living Up to the Ideal Over Time Essays

To what extent has the US realized its liberal ideals in practice, both historically and in contemporary times? Not every essence of liberal thought got put into American practice. The founders conceived of universal male suffrage, as long as the males were not slaves, and not women. Race and sex inequality would continue a long way into the future, and are indeed still sorting out today. However, the rights laid down by the founders would later be applied to these â€Å"minority† groups, and as such are vital to understand. The roots of the country delve deeply into liberal thought, and within these liberal thoughts is the idea that all people should be equal before the law and equal in the voting booths, where they can then make their own decisions and pilot their own destiny. To ask what liberal ideas the United States has followed and espoused is to ask the question, what are the liberal ideas? Generally, then, people point to the Bill of Rights, which lays down what things are allowed, such as free speech and the right to bear arms. People turn to these guaranteed rights all the time when arguing their actions. However, more philosophically, the framework of the American liberal tradition is the Declaration of Independence. Therein lays the famous line: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† All of America’s classical liberalism begins there. However, this had its own roots in earlier traditions and political discourses. John Locke said that a man has â€Å"by nature a power, not only to preserve his property, that is, his life, liberty, and estate... ...wing all to vote and limiting all to the same laws. As King said, â€Å"A just law is a code that a majority compels on a minority to follow that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal.† The only way to guarantee the creation of such laws is to allow the minority to have access to the vote, not just the majority. Alone, a majority will look out only for its own good; if the minority has a public voice, it can call for moderation, compromise, and equality. Inequality still exists in the true workings of the people, although not in law. However, it is slowly ending; my generation was raised in schools that finally taught that all men and women are created equal before the law, and in more biologic ways as well. We are all the same race, we are all human, and to abridge some is to harm the whole. Someday, full equality will be realized by all in America.

An Overview Of The Spartan History History Essay

Sparta has long been an interesting society to people in modern times and to those populating when Sparta was a dominate power in Greece. Their society, Torahs and military art made those around them uncomfortable, interested and outraged. Some Grecian provinces saw Sparta as an ideal community and others saw it as a baleful force. Sparta managed to accomplish great power in Greece under the Torahs of Lycurgus and their ability to implement them in every item of Spartan life. There are several factors that helped do it possible but Sparta managed to accomplish an equal society based on their citizen ‘s trueness to the province. The preparation of male Spartan citizens was a â€Å" rough subject that transformed male childs into soldiers who were incarnations of bravery, virtuousness, and obeisance. †[ 1 ]All facets of Spartan history led to its success and power in Greece but their military might was the centre of their authorization. Everything from the fables of their ascendants, to the enforcement and credence of Lycurgus ‘ Torahs, to their military laterality gave Sparta the ideal community of domination and prestigiousness. Sparta was wholly alone from all other provinces in Greece during its clip. Spartan history began long before the initiation of Sparta as a metropolis. They based their heritage off of a fable that said they were dead persons of Hercules. The fable states that their first leaders were the great grandsons of Hercules, who had been forced to go forth Laconia and seek safety. The inheritors were determined to take back what belonged to them and they sought advice from the prophet of Delphi. They asked the prophet if they could retrieve the lands that truly belonged to them. The prophet told them they would be able to recover their lands after three crops. In clip, the Heraclids found that three crops meant three coevalss, non three seasons and they settled down and waited for that twenty-four hours to come. The clip finally came and Hercules ‘ descendants became masters. Afterwards, the Peloponnesus was split between the new leaders. Twin brothers, Procles and Eurysthenes, received Laconia and at that place they began the society that would go one of the most powerful Grecian provinces of its clip. The narrative was passed down through coevalss and gave them claim to their descent and rightful topographic point in Greece. This claim justified their coup d'etat of Grecian parts and people. It besides gave them the belief that they were kin to the Gods and their Godhead power. Throughout Spartan history, it is easy to see that they relied to a great extent on their beliefs and in their faith. These ideas are even reflected in the fable of their decent. The myth contributed to the Spartan attitude of power and justification for their high quality. There is non much information on early Sparta and what small there is historiographers speculate about. The paperss that are available can non be seen as wholly dependable ; nevertheless, it is known that Sparta did non get down as a dominate province in Greece but became one because they believed district in Laconia was truly theirs. In the beginning, the Spartans or Dorian ‘s were originally thought to be pastoral people that invaded Laconia. It is of import to cognize that although they were herders in a sense, they were non unagitated, docile people. The mobile Spartans should be thought of as work forces that had â€Å" blood feuds, king of beasts Hunts, lodger wars and stole adult females. †[ 2 ]These work forces took over Laconia, led by the duplicate male monarchs. The colony of the herder established Sparta as a city state. This guess adheres to the fables of Spartan history. Whether this narrative was believed for justification intents or because it was the hon est belief of the citizens is ill-defined. Early on in Greece, Athens and many of the other Grecian provinces started to spread out their districts in foreign lands to supply excess infinite and resources for their citizens. Sparta did non take the same position as the other Grecian opposite numbers ; alternatively, they decided to take over the land of their neighbours. In the 8th century, the Spartans began their quest to occupy Messenia and take its citizens as slaves. Unfortunately, the Argos, a Messenian ally stopped the Spartans from occupying this country until the Argives were pulled into the Lelantine War and Messenia was no longer protected by its ally. For the following few old ages the Spartans harassed the Messenians, ne'er engaging war on them but stealing their nutrient, taking what they could and doing mayhem wherever they saw an chance. They did non make harm to the country because they believed it belong to them and did non desire to harm what was theirs. The Messenians refused to contend, which aggravated t he Spartans and made them believe about abandoning their attempts. Finally, the Spartans returned place, merely to be lead on another expedition. In clip, the war began and although there is small know about the war itself, scholars believe it was peculiarly barbarous conflict. During this war it seems that the Spartan military mentality was already present, the â€Å" Spartans fought in a disciplined mode, and the Messenians charged separately and recklessly. †[ 3 ]Despite the subject of the Spartans, they were non able to win the conflict. However, the Messenians were going desperate for supplies and they were losing their population to the Spartans. Finally the Messenians were unable to defy the Spartans and became capable to their metropolis. This first conflict proved that the Spartans were superior combatants and began a tendency that would take them to going a military force to be feared. The Messenians were now slaves to the Spartans. However, they did non bury their freedom and 39 old ages subsequently rose up in a 2nd war to free themselves. This war was more hard for Sparta than the first had been. They were about defeated by the grandsons of the work forces they had one time conquered. The blue bloods of Sparta were defeated and suffered great causalities. The Spartans feeling defeated were ready to stop the war ; nevertheless, the Spartan male monarchs called for non-aristocratic males to organize a hoplite ground forces and pushed on with the war. A general named Tyrtaeus began to present new constructs into the Spartan ground forces including award, subject, manhood and citizenship. He told the new ground forces that they were a new sort of aristocracy based off these qualities, non on land or wealth. In the interim, the Messenian Alliess were pulled into a war with the Peloponnesian powers and were no longer able to help Messenia. Once once more, the Messenia ns were no longer protected by their Alliess and knew they did non stand a opportunity against the new Spartan hoplite ground forces. They finally fell and were subjected to Spartan control. The Second Messenian war caused effects that would alter their society everlastingly. The formation of the citizen ground forces caused great internal discord. After the war, the new Spartan ground forces had created a displacement in the balance of power. The blue bloods wanted to go on with the old societal categories but the new hoplites demanded political grants. The new hoplites were in the place to demand such things and the Spartan male monarchs knew something had to be done. The male monarchs were soldiers and blue bloods and were put into a alone place to compromise with both sides. They besides knew that if they wanted to keep their places they had to do certain that their society was non ripped apart. At this point in history, Sparta introduced policies that began its transmutation to the polis that is celebrated today. Lycurgus the lawmaker was thought to be connected to â€Å" the Eurypontid royal line, therefore likely linking him with King Charillos † and had traveled around the Grecian universe detecting other societies.[ 4 ]He imagined making a society of the best citizens without green-eyed monster and inequalities. He was put in charge of reforming Sparta by the two male monarchs after the Messenian Wars. He began to implement and make Torahs for Sparta. These Torahs were forbidden to be written down but were passed down from coevalss to the following. Lycurgus changed the societal, political and household life of every Spartan. No other Grecian metropolis had dared to alter their society so drastically. There was a entire change in the manner the citizens lived their lives, how their political relations were run and the impairment of the category system. Without Ly curgus ‘ Torahs, Sparta would non hold going the society that captured the attending of so many people around them. The Torahs were unforgettable and left its permanent feeling on the universe. Lycurgus began this transmutation by composing a fundamental law for Sparta called the Rhetra and took it to the prophet of Delphi for consent. Once it was permitted he brought it to the citizens of Sparta. It was evident that this papers established â€Å" the people ‘s rights and avowal of their sovereignty. †[ 5 ]There were new signifiers of authorities, and some of the old signifiers were kept in topographic point. The two male monarchs would go on to hold power but it was limited to war and faith. They were still considered male monarchs but Sparta would non be capable to a dual-monarch any longer. The double kingship could be traced back in their fable of the laminitiss of Sparta. The double kingship was alone to Sparta but was of great benefit for many grounds. Without the constitution of two male monarchs, Sparta would non hold achieved the power it did. The two male monarchs held a alone place in society which led to the execution of new Torahs and the credence of a alteration in society. When one of the male monarchs died, a new one would be appointed. After the new male monarch was appointed, it was tradition for him to â€Å" put free any adult male of the Spartans who was a debitor to the male monarch or to the province †[ 6 ]The double male monarchs would so go on their reign and the rhythm would finally reiterate itself. The male monarchs shared a place on the Council of Elders with 28 other work forces over the age of 60. These work forces came from baronial birth and were expected to assist do determinations for society. The 3rd signifier of authorities was the assembly, which was made of all Spartan work forces over the age of 30. The assembly was the most unfastened signifier of authorities. This subdivision helped do the citizens feel that they were equal and had a say in the political relations of Sparta. The ephorate made up the concluding subdivision of authorities. These work forces were elected yearly and had to subject for reappraisal after their term was finished. There were a sum of five ephors. In the beginning, the ephors were supposed to move as trustees for the male monarchs when they were at war, but they bit by bit became the voice of the people. In the 6th century, an ephor named Chilon was elected and he would press the ephors to go peers to the male monarchs. This alteration did go on and it altered the foreign policy of Sparta. They besides held great influence over the male monarchs. They made sure that the double male monarchs did non keep scores, had the right to talk for the damos at the assembly and all right citizens that had committed incorrect behaviors. Besides, during a clip of war, two of the ephors would attach to the male monarchs to conflict. The ephorate had control over the day-to-day personal businesss of the authorities and were seen as the representatives of the people. The ephors were important in equilibrating the power of the authorities. Having the different subdivisions of authorities gave society stableness. If these subdivisions had non been implemented Sparta may non hold become such a booming society. The subdivisions were able to look into and equilibrate each other while doing the citizens feel they were on equal footings with all other citizens. Spartan society was besides divided into groups harmonizing to their birth. The first category was made of full Spartan citizens. They were given full rights under authorities, given land one time they became of age, and their kids were eligible for Spartan citizenship. Spartan work forces became professional soldiers and Spartan adult females became female parents of soldiers. It was clear in Sparta, that the responsibilities of the citizens were towards the province. Everything each member did was to assist the province win as a military power. This is expressed in a narrative about an exiled Spartan that was speaking to the Persians during the Persian War. When the Persians asked the adult male to explicate Sparta, he replied that â€Å" Spartans feared merely the jurisprudence. †[ 7 ]The Torahs of Lycurgus were followed by every citizen and were passed through each new set of Spartan soldiers and female parents. Society encouraged the ideal citizen, it is best expressed by saying that â€Å" theoretical account Spartans did non love their households ; they loved the State. †[ 8 ]In other Grecian metropoliss of this clip, personal addition amongst the blue bloods was a outstanding characteristic of society. The categories were non treated the same in any manner. Higher and lower born citizens were capable to different Torahs and were divided politically, the latter non holding any rights at all. These citizens did non hold every facet of their life dedicated to the province and went into professions based on their households. The devotedness to the province was the most of import characteristic of Spartan society. If each member of society had non taken it as their responsibility, Sparta would most decidedly non hold achieved such unbelievable power. The male population was forced into an instruction that was based off military preparation get downing at age 7. The male childs lived, Ate and slept in common houses. They were trained at a immature age to go physically and mentally obedient. They had two responsibilities that they were being trained to carry through, going soldiers and to reproduce. Spartan male childs had to be ferocious warriors and were taught that award was greater than life itself. Xenophon stated that â€Å" an honest decease is preferred to a dishonourable life. †[ 9 ]Unlike the remainder of Greece, the province supported the male child ‘s instruction and single parents had no say in how their boies would be educated. The male childs were besides taught to be tough from their military preparation. They were given really basic vesture demands, merely one adventitia a twelvemonth, little rations of nutrient and their beds were made out of reeds that were picked from manus. The male childs were bes ides encouraged to steal nutrient. If caught, the male child would be punished for non being furtive plenty. This military preparation managed to bring forth the fiercest warriors in all of Greece. During the Persian War Sparta showed its strength and award of its soldiers. King Xerxes was able to see Sparta as â€Å" a combat machine strong plenty, adept plenty and sufficiently iron-willed to drive his hosts from the effort to integrate the mainland Greeks † into Persia.[ 10 ]Spartan soldiers made the military machine run. The province gained its prestigiousness on the repute of the armed forces. The soldiers were responsible for the power, without it Sparta would non hold been seen as the absorbing topographic point we know today. At age 20, Spartan boys endured several alterations. At this clip the male childs were required to fall in a nine. If he was non admitted into a nine he was non eligible to go a full Spartan citizen. He besides became active in the military and was encouraged to take a married woman. Unlike many of the other Grecian provinces, the Spartan young person was able to pass clip together during festivals and exercising. They most likely had the luxury of cognizing their partner before their nuptials twenty-four hours. Those work forces who were known to be unmarried mans were dishonored. They were non allowed to watch the other young person ‘s exercising, take part in spiritual festivals and felt the shame from non reproducing. In a society that valued reproduction and considered it to be a precedence, it is non surprising. Another facet in Spartan society was homosexualism. The Spartan work forces were encouraged throughout their lives to organize sexual bonds with other work forces. Harmonizing to Xenaphon, Lycurgus â€Å" encouraged association between adult male and male child. †[ 11 ]In their young person, the male childs were frequently expected to take older male lovers and society encouraged these relationships. It may hold been seen as acceptable so that the work forces formed close bonds to each other and would contend harder to protect those around them. In add-on, it would non be surprising for those relationships to organize because the work forces spent more clip with their chap soldiers than their married womans, parents and kids. In contrast, Spartan adult females enjoyed a great trade of freedom, particularly compared to their opposite numbers throughout Greece. Relatively talking, they even had more freedom than their male parents, brothers and hubbies. The females besides began their instruction at the age of 7 but it was non aimed at military cognition. Alternatively, they were taught to go ideal female parents for Spartan soldiers. Although they did non receive military preparation, they were expected to take part in physical activities and athleticss. The Spartans believed if their misss were encouraged to prosecute in physical activity their organic structures would bring forth strong kids. Some pictures even reveal misss and male childs disputing each other in athletics. One picture depicts youths â€Å" on an unfastened grassy field, four lightly clothed immature adult females confront a group of bare immature work forces, who have cast off their fundamental garments. †[ 12 ]The adult females were permitted to sing, dance and take part in festivals frequently demoing their accomplishments in one of the countries. There are besides artifacts that convince modern bookmans that Spartan adult females were involved in equestrian athleticss including, siting Equus caballuss and chariots. On top of artefacts, some of the Spartan Queens had names or monikers with equestrian significances. It is clear that adult females were involved in an array of featuring activities. There is besides grounds that they were taught to read and compose. The authors during this clip reference adult females being able to read or deducing it in some manner. The Spartan adult females were besides said to hold been encouraged to voice their ideas and sentiments. There is a narrative that Gorgo, a queen of Sparta was encouraged by her male parent to talk her head. Herodotus explains that she â€Å" advised her male parent non trust Aristagoras and Kleomenes and he followed her advice. †[ 13 ]It is evident that adult females in Sparta were far from the soundless type. This would be a immense contrast to the remainder of the Grecian adult females who were deliberately hidden from society and were expected to be seen and non heard. Spartan adult females were non expected to get married until they reached maturity which was much subsequently so other adult females in Greece. This gave them plentifulness of clip to concentrate on their instruction and go ideal Spartan f emale parents. It is sensible to believe that they were able to go comparatively educated, which would help to being seen as an anomalousness in Greece. Between age 18 and 20, like the male childs, the misss were expected to get married and get down bring forthing kids. The matrimony agreements in Sparta were non drastically different from the other Grecian traditions ; nevertheless, there were some differences in the manner they picked their spouses. Many of the Spartan young persons had been exerting together since childhood. As misss got older, the pattern of exerting in the nude served more than one intent. One ground they preformed physical activities in the nude was because vesture was known to keep and adhere the jock. Another advantage was so that the â€Å" public emanations of the maidens, and their appearance naked in their exercisings and dances, were temptations to marriage. †[ 14 ]By practising these traditions Spartan males were able to turn an fond regard to a female or happen one that caught his oculus and prosecute his involvement. At this point, the male or a representative for him would seek the permission from the miss ‘s male parent to take her manus in matrimony. If a male parent died before he had arranged his girl ‘s matrimony, she would go a patrouchoi and â€Å" inherited her male parent ‘s belongings in her ain right. †[ 15 ]After that the male monarch had the authorization to set up the miss ‘s matrimony. In add-on, the sister or girl of a coward suffered greatly for his workss. She would non hold any suers and therefore she would non be able to make what she was born to make. In a society based on bring forthing kids, it would hold been seen as immense embarrassment. After the agreements were made between a suer and his bride, matrimony came shortly after. This portion of Spartan matrimony was nil like the remainder of Greece. The groom would nobble the bride in an aggressive mode and take her to a room where she would be prepared for her nuptials dark. One ground for the snatch alternatively of a expansive ceremonial would be to guard off evil liquors. This ritual would non pull attending to the matrimony, maintaining it concealed. Following, the maid of honor would come in the room and shave the bride ‘s hair. This was used as a symbol for Spartan society to see. The brides shaved caput signaled her transition from a bachelor girl to a married woman, the beginning of her new life and her credence as a full Spartan citizen. Then, the maid of honor would dress the bride in work forces ‘s vesture so she would wait for her groom. There were a few grounds why this tradition may hold existed. One ground may hold been to assist the hubby p assage from a homosexual relationship to a heterosexual relationship. The belief would hold been that the adult females looked similar to a adult male and hence, he would experience more comfy consummating their matrimony. However, the usage may hold started so that the evil oculus would non cognize she was a bride or it could hold had another spiritual significance. After the twosome had done their Spartan responsibility, the hubby would mouse out and return to his barracks. From the clip they were married until the clip the hubby was 30, the twosome would go on with their separate lives, seldom seeing each other. Couples were deliberately unbroken apart, as it was seen as an embarrassment for a hubby to be caught sing his married woman. Lycurgus implemented this societal criterion because he believed if the twosome was kept apart, they would go on to crave for one another. This in bend would promote sexual intercourse between them when the twosome did see each other doing it more likely to gestate kids. Other grounds Spartan twosomes may hold been kept apart is so they would hold â€Å" continual exercising over their egos control † or so they would see each other as sexual spouses aimed at reproducing instead than organizing an fond regard based on emotions.[ 16 ]All of these imposts were merely practiced in Sparta. In all other Grecian metropoliss, matrimony traditions were more traditional compared to today ‘s criterions. Lycurgus besides implemented a jurisprudence that had an impact on matrimony and society as a whole. He wanted to free Sparta of green-eyed monster in every facet of life. He had already created a society of equal land, taken wealth from the metropolis and required that all the males eat the same nutrient and slumber in the same topographic points. To take green-eyed monster out of relationships, Lycurgus eliminated adultery as a societal negative. In Spartan society, work forces and adult females were able to bring forth kids with other citizens every bit long as they had their partners consent. Throughout Greece, criminal conversation by adult females was seen as an discourtesy punishable by decease in some metropoliss. In some instances, work forces could acquire away with criminal conversation but kids born from these personal businesss were non legitimate. In Sparta, work forces were permitted to happen a adult female from a good household that already had several kids and inqui re permission from her hubby to hold kids with her. In add-on, if a adult male could non hold kids or was older and married to a younger adult female, he could seek out a immature adult male that was seen as honest and brave and inquire him to hold kids with his married woman. This was non uncommon in society and was seen as a manner in guarantee population growing. Besides, Spartan kids were seen as portion of the province and were disciplined by the community. The male parent did non make up one's mind how the kid would be raised or take on a fiscal load for him. These factors made it easier for several spouses to hold kids without complications. In contrast, most other Grecian poleis ‘ kids would be disciplined and educated by their male parents. If the household was affluent the household could afford a coach and a good instruction. The community did non take duty for kids at all. In Sparta, holding multiple spouses besides reinforced the adult female ‘s responsibili ty to Spartan society. She would so be responsible for multiple families and more kids. This would hold been an award and privilege to a Spartan adult female. While other Grecian adult females boasted about their weaving, Spartan adult females â€Å" found award in raising good behaved kids † .[ 17 ]Spartan adult females dutifully contributed to society in the manner they were expected to. The Spartan province made it clear that reproduction was one of their top precedences. A adult female ‘s duty to reproduce kids was seen as â€Å" a acknowledgment of the adult female ‘s indispensable function her childbirth was accorded equal public position with her warrior hubby ‘s combat in conflict. †[ 18 ]They forced exhilaration between new twosomes, allowed criminal conversation and primed their girls to happen maternity as an award and responsibility. In add-on, the province rewarded those with multiple boies. They rewarded male parents that had 3 boies by pardoning them from fort responsibility and those who had 5 boies from fiscal duties to the province. However, with the rarity of soldierly meetings, it is extr emely improbable that many twosomes were able to bring forth that many boies. Womans who raised good Spartan boies enjoyed prestigiousness in society and those who died in childbearing were honored. Although society was based on reproduction, some adult females were sterile. Despite the accent and importance put on reproduction, these adult females were non shunned like the work forces that were proven cowards or unmarried mans. Nowhere in Greece was reproduction held to such high criterions. In Athenian society in can be argued that the adult females were domestic slaves for their hubbies. Their responsibility was to their family, which included raising the kids but it was non seen as an honest act. It was expected that they would raise their kids but would non have acknowledgment for being a female parent of an ideal citizen. It is besides likely that female parents in Sparta were closer to their girls than their boies. Whether on intent or merely a effect, it seems that Spartan female parents did non bond with their boies. This is partially due to the pattern of infanticide which created a separation automatically between a female parent and her boy. This took away the initial clip when a female parent and her babe bonds. Then their boies were taken off from them at 7 old ages old which farther caused a withdrawal. The last cause for such separation could be explained with the societal attitude towards decease. Death was seen as a responsibility and award. Spartan female parents knew that their boies would travel to war on a regular basis and that their greatest award would be to decease in true Spartan manner. Although all of these grounds were factors, it is most likely a merchandise of separation from a immature age. Fathers were much like their boies and did non pass much clip at place until really t ardily in their life. In bend, male parents were non involved in their kids ‘s lives. In the remainder of Greece, female parents and male parents would hold been able to pass more clip with their kids, particularly the female parent. A female parent from another Grecian metropolis would hold been confined to the house and her boy would hold been at place with her. If anything, she would hold been less affiliated to her girl because her girl would hold been married at a comparatively immature age about 13 or 14, giving her less clip compared to Spartan girls that would be with their households into her late teens or early mid-twentiess. The male parent would hold besides been home more frequently than the Spartan male parent. Although he might hold traveled for concern or be working outside the place, he would still pass more clip with his household than his Spartan opposite number. All in all, Spartan households would hold been drastically different from the remainder of Greec e. The following category that was in Sparta was the perioeci. They were non full citizens but enjoyed a life of freedom and prosperity. This category was made of largely Lacedaemonians who â€Å" lacked the right and duties of Spartiates, viz. entree to common musss, attending in the assembly, and election to any Spartan office. †[ 19 ]Despite their exclusion from Spartan rights and authorities, the perioeci enjoyed comparative wealth within Spartan society. Spartans did non go except for conflict and they did non let many visitants. They wanted to sequester themselves from the outside universe ; in bend, the perioeci benefitted greatly in affairs of trade. They besides benefitted from Sparta ‘s deficiency of involvement in doing goods. They would carry through the Spartans material demands. This allowed the perioeci to derive financially from the Spartan citizens. It seems that the perioeci were really loyal to Sparta and indentified with the Spartans and even saw themsel ves like their opposite numbers. The two groups were likewise in many ways and it was difficult to separate them apart, particularly in the ulterior periods of Spartan history when the perioeci fought in the Spartan ground forces. In other countries of Greece, aliens moved to different metropoliss, particularly Athens, to prosecute a better life. These citizens did non profit off of society like the perioeci because the other parts of Greece were comparatively unfastened to outside influences and enjoyed imported merchandises. Besides, adult females in other parts of Greece were highly domestic with allowed them to do and take pride in bring forthing domestic goods. In bend, the aliens did non profit from the domestic market. Spartans deficiency of domestic work and foreign imports created the perfect clime for the perioeci that was non enjoyed anyplace else in the Grecian universe. The last facet of society were the serfs. The Messenian Wars achieved many Spartan ends including more land, resources and a group of people to make their agricultural and domestic work. The Messenians were forced into bondage and became lasting serfs for the province. It is of import to cognize that the serfs were non slaves for one individual or family but were bound to the province in ageless servitude. They had no rights and worked for the Spartan province. The serfs ran the farms and the places of Spartan citizens, which allowed the citizens to concentrate on their military and child raising. The serfs besides produced an income that helped the Spartan citizens pay their revenue enhancements to the province. The serf population was the chief ground that Sparta could be an entirely military tally province. There are many differences between the serfs in Sparta and the slaves in other Grecian parts. The first being, that other Grecian city states seldom took other Greeks as their slaves. The other societies believed that foreign races were inferior to them hence, tantrum to be slaves. Besides, the slaves in other societies were owned by persons and the society as a whole did non depend on them to make all of their work. The slaves were seen as retainers instead than lasting workers. Religion in Sparta was really evident and was seen as a manner to warrant parts of their society. They were an highly superstitious society and were known to detain or decline to travel to war because of spiritual festivals. They would non prorogue or travel them, even when the menace was on their doorsill. The soldiers were given leave during festival times and they were respectful of other provinces spiritual festivals. Spartan citizens were taught to follow the regulations in all facets of society, and that did non differ with their faith. They were orderly in their mundane lives and that besides continued into their festivals. They used their myth about their beginnings to advance their decent from Hercules and their ties to the divinities. They continued to follow their ascendant ‘s beliefs and sought advice from the prophets. It is clear that the Spartans believed the prophets spoke with the Gods. The boies and great grandsons confided in the Oracles, Lycurgus validated h is Torahs through them which finally gained the blessing of society as a whole and the Spartan male monarchs frequently looked to them for advice and blessing in societal and military issues. No other Grecian province was as terrible about their spiritual beliefs. Cults were besides a portion of Spartan society. Many of the cults honored Apollo because he was most closely associated with the Dorian ‘s, or Athena the frequenter goddess of Sparta. The cult of Amyclae, dedicated to Hyacinth, helped to explicate the relationship between the older and younger Spartan soldiers. There is a myth that Hyacinth was a beautiful male child that Apollo was in love with but one twenty-four hours they were playing discs and a disc that Apollo threw hit Hyacinth in the caput and he killed him. The Spartans may hold found the relationships between soldiers acceptable because Apollo, their closest God engaged in similar behaviour. The Hyacinthia was a 3 twenty-four hours festival celebrated in Hyacinth ‘s award. Female Spartans besides had many cults, they honored Dionysis, Eileithyia, Helen and Artemis. Artemis was the goddess of nature and animate beings. They believed she had influence over the destiny of kids. They believed she directed the kids down the right way and helped in their lives. Spartan misss went yearly to dance entirely in award of her at the Caryae. The Carneia and Gymnopaediae festivals were celebrated yearly in Sparta every bit good. During the festivals, work forces and adult females would finish in athletic events including, pes racing and chariot racing. The adult females would dance and sing along with some work forces. The adult females besides weaved vesture and gifts for the divinities for the festivals. Womans in Sparta did non usually do domestic work such as weaving ; nevertheless, faith was an of import portion of their life. It was the citizen ‘s responsibility to weave these garments and the serfs, who usually did the weaving, were non allowed to do them. In contrast, other Grecian adult females participated as priestesses but most rebelliously were non involved in athleticss or public festivals. Religion besides played a major function in war. The Spartan ground forces was non dispatched to the Battle of Marathon because of the Carneia. Besides, before a conflict, the male monarch would execute a forfeit in the presences of the ephors, generals and company commanding officers right â€Å" before morning to prevent the Gods † .[ 20 ]The leaders would so seek and look for portents in the bowels. If the portents were good, the conflict would travel away every bit planned but if they saw bad portents, they would detain or abandon the conflict. The Spartans were continuously involved in wars, partially because the Grecian city states frequently fought each other and foreign encroachers, but besides because they had based their full society on going the greatest military power in Greece. During the 2nd Messenian War, Sparta began to demo their accomplishment in conflict with the execution of the hoplite ground forces. The Spartan citizens showed that they were capable of going skilled and disciplined soldiers. After the Messenian Wars were over, the soldiers forced a alteration in society that propelled their way towards military domination and their boies embraced the new reforms wholeheartedly. Lycurgus ‘ reforms non merely trained every male citizen to be a ferocious warrior but they besides supplied all male citizens with armour and arms. The Spartan work forces had learned to populate with small nutrient and vesture, in the cold and had been taught to contend as one. Contending was their profession and their enemies knew it. No other metropolis in Greece could tout about this sort of military power on land. The other provinces were non able to deviate their energy and resources into the military or do their society centered on it. Even Athens, their chief challenger, was non able to bring forth an ground forces like theirs ; although, they were able to organize the most powerful naval force in Greece. Again, a difference between Sparta and Athens was that Sparta forced this alteration about by themselves ; although, they would non hold been able to make it without the pericoeli and serfs. Athens was able to make its navy because of testimonial from other Grecian pr ovinces but could non hold achieved their end without trusting on other Grecian provinces to supply the agencies. Sparta was a alone society, separate in about every manner from the other Grecian provinces. They were able to transform their society into a strictly military province, centered on the strength of all their citizens, including the adult females. They besides accomplished a trueness so great that a adult male would give himself, believing that it was his award and responsibility to make so. No other Grecian province achieved a similar society that involved all parts of the province working towards a common end. This helped them to go one of the most dominate provinces during the 6th century in Greece ; nevertheless, it besides aided to their eventual death. Even though Sparta did non last through the ages, they left rather an feeling on the people around them that carried over to our captivation of them today. Sparta will go on to perplex and astonish people because of their alone and interesting society.

How to Register as a Government Contractor

How to Register as a Government Contractor For thousands of small businesses, contracting for the sale of their goods and services to the federal government agencies opens the doors of growth, opportunity and, of course, prosperity. But before you can bid on and be awarded government contracts, you or your business must be registered as government contractor. Getting registered as a government contractor is a four-step process. 1. Obtain a D-U-N-S Number You will first need to obtain a Dun Bradstreet D-U-N-S ® Number, a unique nine-digit identification number for each physical location of your business. D-U-N-S Number assignment is free for all businesses required to register with the federal government for contracts or grants. Visit the D-U-N-S Request Service to register and learn more about the D-U-N-S system. 2. Register Your Business in the SAM Database The System Award Management (SAM) resource is the database of vendors of goods and services doing business with the federal government. Sometimes called â€Å"self-certifying,† SAM registration is required by the Federal Acquisitions Regulations (FAR) for all prospective vendors. SAM registration must be completed before your business can be awarded any government contract, basic agreement, basic ordering agreement, or blanket purchase agreement. SAM registration is free and can be done completely online. As part of SAM registration process you will be able to record your business’ size and socio-economic status, as well as all FAR-required solicitation clauses and certifications. These certifications are explained in the Offeror’s Representations and Certifications - Commercial Items section of the FAR. SAM registration also serves as a valuable marketing tool for government contracting businesses. The federal agencies routinely search the SAM database to find prospective vendors based on goods and services provided, size, location, experience, ownership and more. In addition, SAM informs the agencies of firms that are certified under the SBA’s 8(a) Development and HUBZone programs. 3. Find Your Company’s NAICS Code While it’s not absolutely necessary, chances are you will need to find your North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code. NAICS codes classify businesses according to their economic sector, industry, and location. Depending on the products and services they offer, many businesses may fit udner multiple NAICS industry codes. When you register your business in the SAM database, be sure to list all of its applicable NAICS codes. 4. Obtain Past Performance Evaluations If you want to get in on the lucrative General Services Administration (GSA) contracts and you should want to you need to get a Past Performance Evaluation report from Open Ratings, Inc. Open Ratings conducts an independent audit of customer references and calculates a rating based upon a statistical analysis of various performance data and survey responses. While some GSA solicitations for bids do contain the form to request an Open Ratings Past Performance Evaluation, vendors may submit an online request directly to Open Ratings, Inc. Items You Will Need for Registration Here are some of the things you will need when registering your business. Your NAICS codesYour DUNS - Data Universal Numbering System numberYour Federal Tax Identification Number (TIN or EIN)Your Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codesYour Product Service codes (optional but helpful)Your Federal Supply Classification codes (optional but helpful) Obviously, all of these codes and certifications are geared toward making it easier for the federal government purchasing and contracting agents to find your business and match it to their specific needs.   US Government Contracting Rules to Know Once you are registered as a government contractor, you will be required to comply with several laws, rules, regulations, and procedures when doing business with the government. By far the two most important of these laws are the aforementioned Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) and the 1994 Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act (FASA). However, there are many other laws and regulations that deal with government contracting. Government Contracting Procedures Briefly Each agency of the federal government conducts business with the public through three specific authorized agents, called contracting officers. These officers are: The Procurement Contracting Officer (PCO)- awards contracts and deals with contract terminations in the event the contractor defaults on the terms of the contract.The Administrative Contracting Officer (ACO)- administers the contract.The Termination Contracting Officer (TCO)- deals with contract terminations when the government chooses to terminate the contract for its own reasons. Depending on the situation, the same person may the PCO, the ACO, and the TCO. As a sovereign entity (the sole ruling power), the federal government retains rights that commercial businesses do not have. Perhaps most importantly, the government has the right to unilaterally change the terms of the contract, provided that the changes are within the general parameters of the contract.

Buddha essays

Buddha essays "Complexity and Clarity: The Bible Versus The Teachings of The Buddha" The teachings of Buddha make more sense to me than the Bible. I find that over-all the teachings of Buddha have a greater relevance to my life, and Buddhism helps me live a more simplified life, which in turn, makes me a happier and healthier person. The Bible does not help me in these same regards. In this paper I will explain why the teachings of Buddha help me reach for and attain an elevated understanding of how I want to live my life more than the Bible does. In simplicity comes clarity, and in clarity comes happiness. The teachings of Buddha have helped provide clarity and perspective on life, whereas the teachings of the Bible have given restrictions as well as guidelines. It is these restrictions that inhibit my clarity, as the package of guidance through the Bible includes rules that need to be abided by in order to get to an afterlife. These rules are potentially detrimental to clarity, as one who is over-concerned with fulfilling the desires of God, will lose track of what their own responsibilities and purposes are. The prospect of this is not appealing. I would rather serve my self and therefore eliminate the chance that I would lose track of a purpose other than my own. Buddha is not telling me what to do and certainly is not saying 'or else' as the case is with Bible following religions. Buddha's teachings provide a path to be followed. If one wants to use another means of getting to where the path leads, it is all the sa! me. Buddha gives me guidance that I may drift in and out of if I so feel the need. The Bible does not include these options. Advantage: Buddha. It seems that the Bible makes people fearful of God and creates a strong focus towards what one should to do serve his purpose. This makes for people who are more likely to be excessively concerned with God rather than their own growth and living. Because the emphasis is put on serv...

Naturalized Epistemology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Naturalized Epistemology - Term Paper Example This implies that ‘x’ is in such context or state that the possibility of ‘x’ being known is increased. Finally, third, the question of certainty, which is highlighted by the question by the question ‘how do I know that I know x? In the face of such questions, can it be hold that certainty is something that eludes humanity since the basis for the certainty of what people may claim to know is not stable and solid. In fact, some modern philosophers have asserted the supposition that maybe there is an evil demon that is playing a trick on us making people believe that x can be known when in fact, it is not. Nonetheless, what is vital in this scenario is that epistemology has been considered as humanity’s response to uncertainty as presented by the malum genie. In this sense, epistemology has become field that sought to eliminate uncertainty by providing the solid ground wherein one may claim with certainty that one has a knowledge of X. Is this que st of epistemology significant? Coming from a common perspective, the certainty of what we may claim to know is vital in the relationship with our claims regarding the world and the ensuing empirical claims, in which, scientific knowledge is claimed to be anchored. Unfortunately, epistemology is still in the process of discourse how can people justify what they claim they know even if the ultimate goal of epistemology is to provide the certainty that what proceeds from our claims about the world are in fact rooted in that experienced of the world. In this condition, Quine argues for the futility of the epistemological quest for certainty and affords a re-framing of epistemology, belief, justification and knowledge. In this regard, this paper have the following structure. The first part of the paper will deal with the arguments raise by Quine against the epistemological goal of certainty and his proposal regarding what ought to be done to epistemology. Meanwhile, the second part deal s with the criticisms against Quine’s position. The third part will be the exposition of the researcher’s view regarding the debate. Finally, the last section is the conclusion. Hopefully, in the end a clearer understanding of both sides is attained. On Quine Quine’s counter-arguments regarding achieving certainty through epistemology is grounded on the position that Arithmetic itself, which has long been considered as certain because of its deductive method has been proven to be incomplete by Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem (71). Creating a parallel argument, Quine claims that since arithmetic itself which is considered as certain because of the rigors of deduction has been proven to be incapable of being grounded or fully justified, how much more is epistemology whose knowledge claims are built on induction. This is a very important criticism against the certainty of epistemology which is grounded on induction and the â€Å"Humean Predicament† is the counter –arguments against induction. This asserts that no theory can be derived from mere observation. Primarily because there is no way that the validity of the observation is transferred to the theory derived from it. In the same sense, Quine is raising the argument that if arithmetic itself is something that cannot be validly deduced from the theorems themselves, which is already a close system, how much more are the epistemological claims made about the world. In this regard, both conceptual reduction and doctrinal reduction are

Psycho Shower Scene Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psycho Shower Scene Analysis - Essay Example It begins by focusing exclusively on the victim, generating a faint underlying suspicion that she may be being watched. Through a series of close up shots, the camera picks up on the character’s pensive frame of mind, offering a hint that she may be engaged in illegal activity when she tears up a paper from her diary on which she had been jotting figures and decides not to throw it into the dustbin. The shots focusing on the victim throwing the pieces of torn paper into the toilet and taking off her robe before stepping into the shower are replicated at the end of the scene, where after she is murdered, the camera focuses on her robe which will never be worn and the side table in the room, where the notebook she was writing on has disappeared, suggesting the reasons why she was killed. The actual murder is depicted in a series of fast cut, close up shots where the shower head that is sending out its streams of water is the single constant element. At the beginning of the sequence, the camera captures the fountain of water from the shower head in an upward angled shot, which is immediately followed by a shot of the victim smiling and enjoying the water spray. The Director follows this up with a series of shots of the victim soaping herself, but her eyes gradually close in each following shot, as if to underline the fact that she is moving from a happy, contended state to one where she is closing off the dangers that exist in her immediate environment. The appearance of the murderer is achieved through a series of shots focusing on a shadow in the shower curtain that grows darker and more clearly defined as the attacker moves closer. The Director chooses to use a silhouette shot on the attacker, in order to conceal his/her identity, while confounding the viewer at the same time because the silhouette appears to be a woman. The Director films the victim with her back turned to the attacker and has her turn at the very last